Bioterrorism and Plague Essay - 1777 Words

Bioterrorism and Plague Plague, also known as Yesirnia pestis, has wreaked havoc since the first documented outbreak in the 6th century, along with changing the course of history. Although bubonic plague is the most common form of plague, pneumonic plague is the more fatal form of the bacteria. It is the only form that has been successfully aerosolized by man and has the potential of taking down a mass of people in days. If used as a bioweapon, it would cause major damage. This paper is designed to inform you of the history, the facts, and the precautions needed to prevent a bioterrorist attack. In 1970, The World Health Organization estimated that 50 kg, or 110 lb, of Y. pestis sprayed over a city would infect 150,000 individuals and†¦show more content†¦And, indeed, another broke out again. The Justinian plague of 561 AD is another example of how badly plague can impact society. It originated in Ethiopia then moved up to Egypt and into Europe killing sixty percent of the populations of Europe, North Africa, and southern and central Asia (Grey, p. 216). Trade made it possible for plague to spread quickly throughout the world. Because trade was so popular during that time plague moved faster than ever. Merchants would travel around trading with each other and taking that deadly disease with them as well. Of all these plague epidemics, the Black Death of 1346 is the most widely known. As an example of severity, China’s population alone dropped from 125 million to 90 million over the course of the fourteenth century due to plague (Boise state, p.1). In Europe, anywhere between 25% to 50% of Europe’s population had fallen victim to this pestilence. If a bioterrorist attack using plague does manage to occur today, the number of deaths will not be as dramatic but the loss will still be significant. There are three main types of existing plagues: Bubonic plague, Septicemic plague, and Pneumonic plague. All three are caused by the bacterium named Yersinia pestis that is found in infected rodents and their fleas (CDC, Plague home page paragraph 1). The oriental rat flea, or Xenopsylla cheopis, is the primary vector, but handling infected animals can also spread plague. Yersinia pestis is a gram-negative bacterialShow MoreRelatedThe Harm Caused by Bioterrorism857 Words   |  3 PagesMicro/Diseases Bioterrorism Bioterrorism is purposefully releasing biological agent toxins to cause harm and terrorize people. Bioterrorism was first thought of somewhere in the 1340’s, this was when diseased horse corpses were catapulted over castle walls in France. Germ warfare was also used in the medieval times in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; human bodies were infected with the plague and used as ammunition in central Europe. During World War I Germany had attempted to infect theRead MoreBioweapons Essay1439 Words   |  6 Pagesterrorist? The answer is yes; anyone who threatens or endangers the lives of others are terrorists, even those who utilize bacteria and viruses rather than other usual weapons. When people use biological weapons as terrorism, that act is called a bioterrorism. Unfortunately, this actions have been repeated throughout the history, as well as in modern days. They can in fact be far more dangerous than actual weapons. Throughout the past, bioweapons have been used in wars. Such war strategies includedRead MoreThe History of Bioterrorism Essay1222 Words   |  5 Pageseffective and deadly tactic of Bioterrorism, which is the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria or other germs used to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants. As time passes, everything about bioterrorism becomes more and more sophisticated, making it very difficult to combat with. By examining the history of bioterrorism, one can learn how military forces utilize this deadly weapon. First we will discuss the first known utilization of bioterrorism, in the 6th Century BCE. TheRead MoreBioterrorism : Attack On Bioterrorism1412 Words   |  6 PagesAttack on Bioterrorism In a world that is known of many backgrounds, cultures, religions, and most important different views on the way of life. We face the biggest challenge in civilization and that’s diversity, because of the fact all over the world we disagree more than we can agree on what is taking place in this world many places result in violence to solve problems. Most of the violence that take place are within the nation. People tend to fight again things they feel doesn’t apply to themRead MoreA Brief Note On The Prevention Of Cholera Essay1389 Words   |  6 Pagesreduce the risk of transmission of cholera. Dukoral vaccine is available in Netherlands and Shanchol in India (LaRocque, Harris, 2016). Plague can be prevented by rodent and flea control especially in endemic areas and avoiding contact with rodents and rodent corpses. Chemoprophylaxis can be achieved with doxycycline or levofloxacin in contacts with pneumonic plague. Bactrim can be used for post exposure prophylaxis i n pregnant women and children. Killed whole cell vaccine available in endemic areasRead MoreHow Biosecurity Affects Human Health1134 Words   |  5 Pagesbiosecurity is i. Definition ii. Different systems of health 1. Human 2. Animal 3. Plant b. Discuss how biosecurity affects human health i. Define human health system II. Body a. Historical issues i. Diseases in the past that affect human health 1. Plague 2. Anthrax 3. Smallpox 4. Botulism b. Current issues i. Diseases/Pests that still affect human health 1. Direct impacts a. Ebola b. Zika c. Chikungunya 2. Indirect impacts a. Avian Influenza b. Influenza A c. Possible emerging threats III. ConclusionRead MoreInfectious Diseases Are The Biggest Threat Of Global Health945 Words   |  4 Pagesrate, transmission, fatality rate, and economic consequence dating back to the days of the bubonic plague. The bubonic plague and its co-infections: measles and smallpox were the most devastating of the infectious diseases and in 160 CE plague was reported by (Poole and Holladay, 1979) as cited by (Nelson and Williams, 2007) as a contributor to the collapse of the Han Empire. In early times, plague and other communicable diseases flourished in the cities of the Roman Empire and which in turn contributedRead More Using Clostridium botulinum as a Biological Weapon Essay examples1595 Words   |  7 PagesFatal Dilemma: Using Clostridium botulinum as a Biological Weapon Ever since the dawn of biotechnology, the world had to face a new dilemma: bioterrorism. Using biological agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc., bioterrorism attack aims to cause illness of death in people, animals, or plants as a method of warfare. Used throughout history, biological weapon serves as a pivotal role in disarming an army. Botulism toxin, known for the most toxic substance in the biological world, hasRead MoreConcerns of Bioterrorism2788 Words   |  11 PagesConcerns of Bioterrorism US/Guam What is Bioterrorism? What are the types of Bioterrorism? What issues or concerns should we be aware of when talking about Bioterrorism? How is Bioterrorism different from the United States and that of Guam? These are some of the things people would think of and wonder when they hear the word Bioterrorism. It’s important to know the different steps or precautions that a person can look into in order to prevent themselves from being a victim of Bioterrorism. First thingsRead More The Center for Disease Control and Bioterrorism Essay2112 Words   |  9 Pagesfrom heart disease to the worst, infectious, disease-causing agents. The CDC also shares information about how to prepare and what to do if a bioterrorism attack or pandemic were to occur. The Center of Disease and Control is a diversified government organization that has the main purpose of protecting the public against the serious threats of bioterrorism and dangerous pandemics. The Center of Disease Control and Prevention performs studies to acquire information about the health and wellness

Removal Of Subsides The Economy Of Senegal Depends On...

Removal of subsides The economy of Senegal depends on agriculture, particularly the groundnut and cotton farming, which accounts for about 50% of export income (World Bank, 1989). This is due to the countries significance to this sector, after independence the government put in place strategies to increase groundnut production, hence the introduction of a credit system to assist farmers purchase seeds, farm equipment’s and fertilizers at reduced price (Dembele, 2003). This followed the setting up of boards of committees tasked with the responsibilities to set up prices at which groundnut were sold at each season. Further to this, private traders were also prevented from coming into the groundnut market. However, with the introduction of the structural adjustment programme (SAF) the government was forced to remove subsides and abolish the credit scheme for the farmers, also was the dissolution of the marketing board which set prices for the groundnut farmer. While removal of subsides for farmers w as imposed on the Senegalese government led to price increase in food commodity, subsequent many people going hungry as they could not afford basic food commodities, notwithstanding the human right abuse (Fonjong,2014). Thought-provoking, during the same period the industrialised world including; United States of America (USA) and Europe were subsidizing their farmers with billions of dollars. Furthermore, the Senegalese government was asked to remove restrictions of importationShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Transnational Industries And Global Financial Institutions Such As The World Bank And International Monetary Fund2146 Words   |  9 Pagesand IMF are the two main global financial institutions that lend money to various developed and developing countries. According to Wolff (2013) these institutions came into being in 1944 after the Bretton woods conference to establish a firm global economy after the world war two. The purpose of these institutions was to stimulate a stable de velopment and offer unconditional loans to nations in economic crisis so as to achieve their developmental needs (Wolff, 2013). However, these never saw the daylight

Transition into Nursing Studies

Question: Discuss about the Transition into Nursing Studies. Answer: Introduction Today, the nursing industry is advancing due to the use of sophisticated health equipment in delivering quality healthcare. The mechanism calls for nursing professionals to continuously work and adapt to the dynamic health sector by updating their knowledge and skills so as to handle patients and healthcare issues. Firstly, clinical reflective practice exercises is, therefore, an integral part of today's health sector rendering nurses competent in delivering quality health care and serves as a measure of how qualified professionals are to address health challenges. Secondly, clinical reflective practice exercise allows one to learn from personal experiences and develop competence in identification and learning needs; where reflection calls for an integrated approach that entails the understanding of a patient's belief, values, and attitudes and relates to the code of ethics. Lastly, a curricular that involves critical reflective practice advocates for the understanding of new and cur rent health system as a medium through which health professionals engage in self-monitoring programs. As such, arguments in this paper seek to illustrate the need for a curricular that integrates clinical reflective practice in nursing hospitals in Australia. Notably, the first section will descriptively discuss the clinical practice exercises using Gibbs' reflective cycle while the second section will assess the health and nursing care on a case study as shown below. Description of clinical practice exercises using Gibbs' six model cycle Background information The term reflective practice dates way back in the year 1983 where Boyd and Fales, 1983, were of the opinion that reflective practice involves internalizing and relating an experience to the outside world views. Additionally, several models and theories are conforming to the norm of reflective practice. For instance, Gibbs' Model of Reflection and Johns' Model of Reflection offer guidance for health practitioners to critically evaluate their experiences in a clinical setting and draw conclusions regarding the experiences. Likewise, "the pyramid of evidence-quantitative studies" sets a platform for the discussion of Evidence-Based Practices which can substitute clinical reflective practices. Research has it that in the former nurses applied the best-selected practices to manage patients and offer quality health care. Description Currently, I am a second-year student at Federation University Australia pursuing Bachelors of Nursing Program. In my first year of study, I had the opportunity to conduct a fieldwork research where the method of data collection entailed personal interview with a mentally chronic patient. The incident occurred around Sydney where I was to interview my participant for the first time. After introducing ourselves the personal assistant to the patient and the patient allowed me to ask questions. However, when I was due to start asking questions, I got tongue tied and started fumbling. I was unable to utter any word, and my hands were shaking. Seeing the incident, the assistant to the patient stood up and off they took. I was left hanging with no one to speak to and offer help. Feelings I felt bad and cried because it portrayed a bad image to the participants; it was as if I did not want to interact much and get in contact. The embarrassment made me think of quit nursing and resort to my passion for art and design. After a day I felt that the participant wasn't patient enough to understand my situation and she judged me basing on my inability to express myself. After reflecting on the case, I decide to call back to the Dean School of Nursing to explain the scenario, and it also came to my understanding that being nervous is a common thing during interviews. Evaluation After internalizing the experience, I came to understand that people respond differently to non-verbal cues. In my position, I portrayed a bad image of undermining the participant, and the assistant saw it wise to avoid ridicule. After speaking to my classmates I was relieved after realizing that it is a common thing to be nervous when in contact with new groups and patients. Moreover, as part of my evaluation, I spoke to a friend who was a third-year student and the response given encouraging when she talked about her first interview being with an infected patient. She was not only able to speak to her but also interact to the level of eating from the same plate. Analysis The situation looked ugly because of my actions and both the assistants'. I feel that it could have been good had I spoke and stood up to him, then allowing him to take off without even saying a word and unhappy immediately. By contrast, I chose to talk to the Dean School of Nursing and never made a follow up on meeting with my participant again. However, preventing the assistant from taking off with the patient could have done his instincts right. After meeting with the Dean and the member with the assistant he argued out that it could have been better if I had said something to avoid making the patient feel out of place. Action plan In future am planning on building healthy relationships with classmates, senior students, and teachers. Currently, I am working with a team of four students on conducting an interview with different patients faced with various health conditions. Additionally, we are in talks with our teachers to have a curricular on how carry out fieldworks in various social set ups so as to enable us to understand how to associate with different people based on ethnic background, race, language, and gender roles. I have planned a presentation on effective communication to deliver to the first year students and teach them on ways to overcome nervousness; I plan to do this with other students and the help of our teachers. Regarding training, I am partly working with the Clinics and Services under the Primary Care Clinic which is open to the public so as to gain confidence when addressing the public. Physical and mental health assessment components Kevin is a 28-year-old Community worker, who was rushed into the emergency department by the brother after being found at work trying to commit murder. I observed Kevin's assessment alongside other health professionals and his response was proof that he was mentally disturbed; Kevin said that he could not understand why at times the patient felt the negative energy took control of him and that his conscious was not aware of what he was doing. In the clinic emergency section, Kevin was assessed and advised. I observed Kevin's hygiene was deteriorated despite being a community worker. The brother helped him in answering the questions, and it was evident that Kevin had not shown up for work for a week. Background information The section outlines the medical and nursing history of Kevin and his family. Also, the article will discuss the social history of the disease and analyze the physical examination results. Kevin has a chronically mental disorder. The event that led to his appearance in the clinic emergency department is because he had stopped using his medication for two weeks. Recent studies have it that creating a good relationship with a chronically mental patient will foster the uptake of medicines. The chronic mental disorder is characterized by the following traits namely hallucinations and delusions. Hallucination is the deficiency in sensory reception affecting reality. The condition makes Kevin perceive fantasy as reality, and to some extent, he sees things people cannot visualize. Delusion is false beliefs that cause imbalance in thinking and sees Kevin make irrational decisions when challenged. Family and social history Kevin's father was diagnosed with the chronic mental disorder at the age of thirty-six years old and moved to a rehabilitation center for mentally disturbed. Physical examination and assessment findings Kevin was defensive during assessment and did not want any medical officer to get near him. His brother helped him in answering the questions during the assessment. Kevin's hygiene deteriorated evident by unkempt hair, dirty teeth, and clothes. The brother reported that Kevin had not been having enough sleep and was not eating. I noted that during the assessment Kevin avoided direct eye contact with the chief doctor. Another key thing to remember is that Kevin's brother was not willing to stay with Kevin when he was off medication. Three important nursing problems Nursing diagnoses, nursing interventions, and patient outcomes are important nursing issues that determine the formulation of a nursing care plan in any health institution; be it a mental health facility or a general hospital. Nursing diagnoses is a clinical record of a family or an individual depending on the health experiences. A nursing diagnosis is based on assessment data, and it should present a solution to the health condition at the time of evaluation. Nursing interventions are system that gives an in-depth analysis of how nurses perform duties in a health institution so as to treat and manage health disorders; for instance, mental health nurses will use a guideline provided by the health provider to treat and administer medication. Last but not least, patient outcome is the first-hand information offered by patients to health professionals and help in improvising and implementing treatment. Nursing care plan Firstly, Kevin was put on antipsychotic medication of 20mg one time daily in the first week and scheduled to double at the start of the second week. The administering of the medication by the doctors followed the report by the World Health Organization on care planning on chronically mental disorder; where organization officials suggested that use of antipsychotic to treat chronic mental illness is of significant to stabilizing the patient. Secondly, Kevin was taken to psychotherapy alongside his brother where the doctor talked about his conditions and related mental health issues. During the session, Kevin's brother was made aware of the feelings and behavioral acts of Kevin and factors that agitate his actions. Besides, he was taught on ways to cope with the stress. At the end of the discussion, Kevin agreed to have long-term consultation psychotherapy with the doctor to improve his emotional and behavior. Thirdly, Kevin was moved to a psychiatric care inpatient unit to be monitored for the next twenty-four hours. The move was aimed at improving Kevin's mental health as well as his hygiene. In the psychiatric unit, Kevin was put on antidepressants and mood-stabilizing medications. The antidepressants are used to treat anxiety and depressions. The drugs improve a patient's lack of energy and relax the mind. On the other hand, mood-stabilizing drugs are used alongside antidepressants to treat depression and to some extent treat bipolar mania conditions of patients. During the twenty-four hours monitoring in the psychiatric care unit Kevin showed improved signs and promised never to threaten to commit murder. Community group therapy was administered during the period. After the twenty-four hours, Kevin was discharged back to his family where his medication is overseen by the home based health care practitioner. Kevin also attends sessions twice a week for people with the chronic mental disorder. Nursing interventions Recently the Australian College of Mental Health Nurses in partnership with the World Health Organization launched an online CPD with the aim of improving the knowledge and skills of nurses to curb mental health conditions related t chronic diseases (Badland et al. 2014). Subsequently, the ACMHN is creating awareness on the increased case of the chronic disease in the state by training nurses on how to identify, intervene, treat and manage mental illness in a population with the chronic disorder. Notably, it is important for mental health nurses as well as all medical practitioners to have the knowledge and skill on how to treat and manage chronic illness owing to the fact most health professionals are at the grassroots of health care provision in Australia. The ACMHN has paid attention to details on the idea of psychotherapy and having hospital psychiatric units' to monitor patients (Badland et al. 2014). The ACMHN has an eLearning program which lasts for up to 20 minutes and focuses on chronic illness such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and mental health. The modules are aimed at shifting the level of awareness of patients on the chronic disorder to ensure sustainability of the project, enable relatives to cope with the stress of living with chronic mental disorder patients, and support families and patients while building healthy working relationships. Conclusion To sum up, I believe that I can do a lot to better service delivery in the nursing sector. Firstly, I ought to have spoken to the assistant before meeting them with the patient as it could have orientated me for the day (Holloway and Galvin, 2016). Secondly, the fieldwork made me appreciate the importance of team work during a study; it breeds creativity and makes it easy to handle any work due to the diverse nature of the team. Thirdly, I feel that it could have been better to contact the Dean before starting the fieldwork so as to familiarize with the scope of study; it could offer a solution for curbing the nervousness, and the interview could have been successful. Lastly, it could have been a good choice if I had read much on the mentally chronic disease before taking to the field. To that end, it is evident that Evidence-Based Practices offer medical officers a chance to apply clinical reflective practices in their work. The first interview was hectic due to my naivety and lack of exposure. However, after internalizing and reflecting on actions, I was able to hold a presentation before the first year students and use my experience to create awareness on how effective to conduct an interview. Clinical reflective practices also serve an important role in giving nurses identity to their personal experiences and make the best out of it. Most importantly, the treatment and management of chronic mental disorder entail integration of both social and cultural factors where the community decision is placed at the center of the directorate process. What is more, is that the ministry of health in Australia and stakeholder in the nursing industry need to implement the clinical reflective practice exercise in the curricula starting from senior schools. It is, therefore, po ssible to treat and manage chronic illness provided the relationship between the patient, the nurse, and the family is well maintained. References Badland, H., Whitzman, C., Lowe, M., Davern, M., Aye, L., Butterworth, I., ... Giles-Corti, B. (2014). Urban liveability: emerging lessons from Australia for exploring the potential for indicators to measure the social determinants of health. Social science medicine, 111, 64-73. Holloway, I., Galvin, K. (2016). Qualitative research in nursing and healthcare

Mohandas K. Gandhi Research Paper Essays - Nonviolence, Gandhism

Anthony Thompson Gifted Language Mrs. Page Due March 29 Mohandas K. Gandhi Research Paper What was the legacy of Gandhi?s efforts in India? Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi?was the pre-eminent political and spiritual leader of?India?during the?Indian independence movement. He was the pioneer of?Satyagraha?a resistance to?tyranny?through mass?civil disobedience, a philosophy firmly founded upon?ahimsa?or total?nonviolence?which led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. Gandhi influenced important leaders and political movements. Leaders of the?civil rights movement?in the United States, mainly Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., drew from the writings of Gandhi in the development of their own theories about non-violence. Anti-apartheid?activist and former President of South Africa,?Nelson Mandela, was inspired by Gandhi. Time?magazine named Gandhi the?Man of the Year?in 1930. In 1931, Albert Einstein?exchanged written letters with Gandhi, and called him "a role model for the generations to come" in a writing about him. Gandhi was also the runner-up to?Albert Einstein?as "Person of the Century?. How did Gandhi?s methods of non-violent protest influence future social and political movements? Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. once said, "Christ gave us the goals and Mahatma Gandhi the tactics." Gandhi's life and teachings inspired many who specifically referred to Gandhi as their mentor or who dedicated their lives to spreading Gandhi's ideas. Satyagraha?is a philosophy and practice of?nonviolent resistance?developed by?Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Gandhi deployed Satyagraha in campaigns for?Indian independence and also during his earlier struggles in?South Africa. Satyagraha theory influenced?Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.,?during campaigns he led during the?civil rights movement?in the?United States, and many other social justice and similar movements. ?Like most people, I had heard of Gandhi, but I had never studied him seriously. As I read I became deeply fascinated by his campaigns of nonviolent resistance. I was particularly moved by his Salt March to the Sea and his numerous fasts. The whole concept of?Satyagraha?was profoundly significant to me. As I delved deeper into the philosophy of Gandhi, my skepticism concerning the power of love gradually diminished, and I came to see for the first time its potency in the area of social reform. It was in this Gandhian emphasis on love and nonviolence that I discovered the method for social reform that I had been seeking.? How did the Indian independence movement influence future independence movements in other countries? Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nelson Mandela both based their independence movements on Gandhi's teachings. In the United States, Martin Luther King, Jr. used non-violent tactics such as marches, sit-ins, and boycotts to combat racial segregation and discrimination. "Since being in India, I am more convinced than ever before that the method of nonviolent resistance is the most potent weapon available to oppressed people in their struggle for justice and human dignity. In a real sense, Mahatma Gandhi embodied in his life certain universal principles that are inherent in the moral structure of the universe, and these principles are as inescapable as the law of gravitation." Nelson Mandela was the first black president of South Africa and fought apartheid, a system of legal?racial segregation?enforced by the?National Party?government in?South Africa?between 1948 and 1994, with Gandhi's tactics. How did it help to end colonialism and change global power structures? When India gained its independence in 1947, it weakened the British empire. It also inspired other countries under control of the British to become independent, such as South Africa. It opened the world's eyes to the cruelty that the people of India had to grow through to gain independence. It helped to end colonialism and changed the world's empires from near dictatorship to a democracy.