Bioterrorism and Plague Essay - 1777 Words

Bioterrorism and Plague Plague, also known as Yesirnia pestis, has wreaked havoc since the first documented outbreak in the 6th century, along with changing the course of history. Although bubonic plague is the most common form of plague, pneumonic plague is the more fatal form of the bacteria. It is the only form that has been successfully aerosolized by man and has the potential of taking down a mass of people in days. If used as a bioweapon, it would cause major damage. This paper is designed to inform you of the history, the facts, and the precautions needed to prevent a bioterrorist attack. In 1970, The World Health Organization estimated that 50 kg, or 110 lb, of Y. pestis sprayed over a city would infect 150,000 individuals and†¦show more content†¦And, indeed, another broke out again. The Justinian plague of 561 AD is another example of how badly plague can impact society. It originated in Ethiopia then moved up to Egypt and into Europe killing sixty percent of the populations of Europe, North Africa, and southern and central Asia (Grey, p. 216). Trade made it possible for plague to spread quickly throughout the world. Because trade was so popular during that time plague moved faster than ever. Merchants would travel around trading with each other and taking that deadly disease with them as well. Of all these plague epidemics, the Black Death of 1346 is the most widely known. As an example of severity, China’s population alone dropped from 125 million to 90 million over the course of the fourteenth century due to plague (Boise state, p.1). In Europe, anywhere between 25% to 50% of Europe’s population had fallen victim to this pestilence. If a bioterrorist attack using plague does manage to occur today, the number of deaths will not be as dramatic but the loss will still be significant. There are three main types of existing plagues: Bubonic plague, Septicemic plague, and Pneumonic plague. All three are caused by the bacterium named Yersinia pestis that is found in infected rodents and their fleas (CDC, Plague home page paragraph 1). The oriental rat flea, or Xenopsylla cheopis, is the primary vector, but handling infected animals can also spread plague. Yersinia pestis is a gram-negative bacterialShow MoreRelatedThe Harm Caused by Bioterrorism857 Words   |  3 PagesMicro/Diseases Bioterrorism Bioterrorism is purposefully releasing biological agent toxins to cause harm and terrorize people. Bioterrorism was first thought of somewhere in the 1340’s, this was when diseased horse corpses were catapulted over castle walls in France. Germ warfare was also used in the medieval times in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; human bodies were infected with the plague and used as ammunition in central Europe. During World War I Germany had attempted to infect theRead MoreBioweapons Essay1439 Words   |  6 Pagesterrorist? The answer is yes; anyone who threatens or endangers the lives of others are terrorists, even those who utilize bacteria and viruses rather than other usual weapons. When people use biological weapons as terrorism, that act is called a bioterrorism. Unfortunately, this actions have been repeated throughout the history, as well as in modern days. They can in fact be far more dangerous than actual weapons. Throughout the past, bioweapons have been used in wars. Such war strategies includedRead MoreThe History of Bioterrorism Essay1222 Words   |  5 Pageseffective and deadly tactic of Bioterrorism, which is the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria or other germs used to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants. As time passes, everything about bioterrorism becomes more and more sophisticated, making it very difficult to combat with. By examining the history of bioterrorism, one can learn how military forces utilize this deadly weapon. First we will discuss the first known utilization of bioterrorism, in the 6th Century BCE. TheRead MoreBioterrorism : Attack On Bioterrorism1412 Words   |  6 PagesAttack on Bioterrorism In a world that is known of many backgrounds, cultures, religions, and most important different views on the way of life. We face the biggest challenge in civilization and that’s diversity, because of the fact all over the world we disagree more than we can agree on what is taking place in this world many places result in violence to solve problems. Most of the violence that take place are within the nation. People tend to fight again things they feel doesn’t apply to themRead MoreA Brief Note On The Prevention Of Cholera Essay1389 Words   |  6 Pagesreduce the risk of transmission of cholera. Dukoral vaccine is available in Netherlands and Shanchol in India (LaRocque, Harris, 2016). Plague can be prevented by rodent and flea control especially in endemic areas and avoiding contact with rodents and rodent corpses. Chemoprophylaxis can be achieved with doxycycline or levofloxacin in contacts with pneumonic plague. Bactrim can be used for post exposure prophylaxis i n pregnant women and children. Killed whole cell vaccine available in endemic areasRead MoreHow Biosecurity Affects Human Health1134 Words   |  5 Pagesbiosecurity is i. Definition ii. Different systems of health 1. Human 2. Animal 3. Plant b. Discuss how biosecurity affects human health i. Define human health system II. Body a. Historical issues i. Diseases in the past that affect human health 1. Plague 2. Anthrax 3. Smallpox 4. Botulism b. Current issues i. Diseases/Pests that still affect human health 1. Direct impacts a. Ebola b. Zika c. Chikungunya 2. Indirect impacts a. Avian Influenza b. Influenza A c. Possible emerging threats III. ConclusionRead MoreInfectious Diseases Are The Biggest Threat Of Global Health945 Words   |  4 Pagesrate, transmission, fatality rate, and economic consequence dating back to the days of the bubonic plague. The bubonic plague and its co-infections: measles and smallpox were the most devastating of the infectious diseases and in 160 CE plague was reported by (Poole and Holladay, 1979) as cited by (Nelson and Williams, 2007) as a contributor to the collapse of the Han Empire. In early times, plague and other communicable diseases flourished in the cities of the Roman Empire and which in turn contributedRead More Using Clostridium botulinum as a Biological Weapon Essay examples1595 Words   |  7 PagesFatal Dilemma: Using Clostridium botulinum as a Biological Weapon Ever since the dawn of biotechnology, the world had to face a new dilemma: bioterrorism. Using biological agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc., bioterrorism attack aims to cause illness of death in people, animals, or plants as a method of warfare. Used throughout history, biological weapon serves as a pivotal role in disarming an army. Botulism toxin, known for the most toxic substance in the biological world, hasRead MoreConcerns of Bioterrorism2788 Words   |  11 PagesConcerns of Bioterrorism US/Guam What is Bioterrorism? What are the types of Bioterrorism? What issues or concerns should we be aware of when talking about Bioterrorism? How is Bioterrorism different from the United States and that of Guam? These are some of the things people would think of and wonder when they hear the word Bioterrorism. It’s important to know the different steps or precautions that a person can look into in order to prevent themselves from being a victim of Bioterrorism. First thingsRead More The Center for Disease Control and Bioterrorism Essay2112 Words   |  9 Pagesfrom heart disease to the worst, infectious, disease-causing agents. The CDC also shares information about how to prepare and what to do if a bioterrorism attack or pandemic were to occur. The Center of Disease and Control is a diversified government organization that has the main purpose of protecting the public against the serious threats of bioterrorism and dangerous pandemics. The Center of Disease Control and Prevention performs studies to acquire information about the health and wellness

Removal Of Subsides The Economy Of Senegal Depends On...

Removal of subsides The economy of Senegal depends on agriculture, particularly the groundnut and cotton farming, which accounts for about 50% of export income (World Bank, 1989). This is due to the countries significance to this sector, after independence the government put in place strategies to increase groundnut production, hence the introduction of a credit system to assist farmers purchase seeds, farm equipment’s and fertilizers at reduced price (Dembele, 2003). This followed the setting up of boards of committees tasked with the responsibilities to set up prices at which groundnut were sold at each season. Further to this, private traders were also prevented from coming into the groundnut market. However, with the introduction of the structural adjustment programme (SAF) the government was forced to remove subsides and abolish the credit scheme for the farmers, also was the dissolution of the marketing board which set prices for the groundnut farmer. While removal of subsides for farmers w as imposed on the Senegalese government led to price increase in food commodity, subsequent many people going hungry as they could not afford basic food commodities, notwithstanding the human right abuse (Fonjong,2014). Thought-provoking, during the same period the industrialised world including; United States of America (USA) and Europe were subsidizing their farmers with billions of dollars. Furthermore, the Senegalese government was asked to remove restrictions of importationShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Transnational Industries And Global Financial Institutions Such As The World Bank And International Monetary Fund2146 Words   |  9 Pagesand IMF are the two main global financial institutions that lend money to various developed and developing countries. According to Wolff (2013) these institutions came into being in 1944 after the Bretton woods conference to establish a firm global economy after the world war two. The purpose of these institutions was to stimulate a stable de velopment and offer unconditional loans to nations in economic crisis so as to achieve their developmental needs (Wolff, 2013). However, these never saw the daylight

Transition into Nursing Studies

Question: Discuss about the Transition into Nursing Studies. Answer: Introduction Today, the nursing industry is advancing due to the use of sophisticated health equipment in delivering quality healthcare. The mechanism calls for nursing professionals to continuously work and adapt to the dynamic health sector by updating their knowledge and skills so as to handle patients and healthcare issues. Firstly, clinical reflective practice exercises is, therefore, an integral part of today's health sector rendering nurses competent in delivering quality health care and serves as a measure of how qualified professionals are to address health challenges. Secondly, clinical reflective practice exercise allows one to learn from personal experiences and develop competence in identification and learning needs; where reflection calls for an integrated approach that entails the understanding of a patient's belief, values, and attitudes and relates to the code of ethics. Lastly, a curricular that involves critical reflective practice advocates for the understanding of new and cur rent health system as a medium through which health professionals engage in self-monitoring programs. As such, arguments in this paper seek to illustrate the need for a curricular that integrates clinical reflective practice in nursing hospitals in Australia. Notably, the first section will descriptively discuss the clinical practice exercises using Gibbs' reflective cycle while the second section will assess the health and nursing care on a case study as shown below. Description of clinical practice exercises using Gibbs' six model cycle Background information The term reflective practice dates way back in the year 1983 where Boyd and Fales, 1983, were of the opinion that reflective practice involves internalizing and relating an experience to the outside world views. Additionally, several models and theories are conforming to the norm of reflective practice. For instance, Gibbs' Model of Reflection and Johns' Model of Reflection offer guidance for health practitioners to critically evaluate their experiences in a clinical setting and draw conclusions regarding the experiences. Likewise, "the pyramid of evidence-quantitative studies" sets a platform for the discussion of Evidence-Based Practices which can substitute clinical reflective practices. Research has it that in the former nurses applied the best-selected practices to manage patients and offer quality health care. Description Currently, I am a second-year student at Federation University Australia pursuing Bachelors of Nursing Program. In my first year of study, I had the opportunity to conduct a fieldwork research where the method of data collection entailed personal interview with a mentally chronic patient. The incident occurred around Sydney where I was to interview my participant for the first time. After introducing ourselves the personal assistant to the patient and the patient allowed me to ask questions. However, when I was due to start asking questions, I got tongue tied and started fumbling. I was unable to utter any word, and my hands were shaking. Seeing the incident, the assistant to the patient stood up and off they took. I was left hanging with no one to speak to and offer help. Feelings I felt bad and cried because it portrayed a bad image to the participants; it was as if I did not want to interact much and get in contact. The embarrassment made me think of quit nursing and resort to my passion for art and design. After a day I felt that the participant wasn't patient enough to understand my situation and she judged me basing on my inability to express myself. After reflecting on the case, I decide to call back to the Dean School of Nursing to explain the scenario, and it also came to my understanding that being nervous is a common thing during interviews. Evaluation After internalizing the experience, I came to understand that people respond differently to non-verbal cues. In my position, I portrayed a bad image of undermining the participant, and the assistant saw it wise to avoid ridicule. After speaking to my classmates I was relieved after realizing that it is a common thing to be nervous when in contact with new groups and patients. Moreover, as part of my evaluation, I spoke to a friend who was a third-year student and the response given encouraging when she talked about her first interview being with an infected patient. She was not only able to speak to her but also interact to the level of eating from the same plate. Analysis The situation looked ugly because of my actions and both the assistants'. I feel that it could have been good had I spoke and stood up to him, then allowing him to take off without even saying a word and unhappy immediately. By contrast, I chose to talk to the Dean School of Nursing and never made a follow up on meeting with my participant again. However, preventing the assistant from taking off with the patient could have done his instincts right. After meeting with the Dean and the member with the assistant he argued out that it could have been better if I had said something to avoid making the patient feel out of place. Action plan In future am planning on building healthy relationships with classmates, senior students, and teachers. Currently, I am working with a team of four students on conducting an interview with different patients faced with various health conditions. Additionally, we are in talks with our teachers to have a curricular on how carry out fieldworks in various social set ups so as to enable us to understand how to associate with different people based on ethnic background, race, language, and gender roles. I have planned a presentation on effective communication to deliver to the first year students and teach them on ways to overcome nervousness; I plan to do this with other students and the help of our teachers. Regarding training, I am partly working with the Clinics and Services under the Primary Care Clinic which is open to the public so as to gain confidence when addressing the public. Physical and mental health assessment components Kevin is a 28-year-old Community worker, who was rushed into the emergency department by the brother after being found at work trying to commit murder. I observed Kevin's assessment alongside other health professionals and his response was proof that he was mentally disturbed; Kevin said that he could not understand why at times the patient felt the negative energy took control of him and that his conscious was not aware of what he was doing. In the clinic emergency section, Kevin was assessed and advised. I observed Kevin's hygiene was deteriorated despite being a community worker. The brother helped him in answering the questions, and it was evident that Kevin had not shown up for work for a week. Background information The section outlines the medical and nursing history of Kevin and his family. Also, the article will discuss the social history of the disease and analyze the physical examination results. Kevin has a chronically mental disorder. The event that led to his appearance in the clinic emergency department is because he had stopped using his medication for two weeks. Recent studies have it that creating a good relationship with a chronically mental patient will foster the uptake of medicines. The chronic mental disorder is characterized by the following traits namely hallucinations and delusions. Hallucination is the deficiency in sensory reception affecting reality. The condition makes Kevin perceive fantasy as reality, and to some extent, he sees things people cannot visualize. Delusion is false beliefs that cause imbalance in thinking and sees Kevin make irrational decisions when challenged. Family and social history Kevin's father was diagnosed with the chronic mental disorder at the age of thirty-six years old and moved to a rehabilitation center for mentally disturbed. Physical examination and assessment findings Kevin was defensive during assessment and did not want any medical officer to get near him. His brother helped him in answering the questions during the assessment. Kevin's hygiene deteriorated evident by unkempt hair, dirty teeth, and clothes. The brother reported that Kevin had not been having enough sleep and was not eating. I noted that during the assessment Kevin avoided direct eye contact with the chief doctor. Another key thing to remember is that Kevin's brother was not willing to stay with Kevin when he was off medication. Three important nursing problems Nursing diagnoses, nursing interventions, and patient outcomes are important nursing issues that determine the formulation of a nursing care plan in any health institution; be it a mental health facility or a general hospital. Nursing diagnoses is a clinical record of a family or an individual depending on the health experiences. A nursing diagnosis is based on assessment data, and it should present a solution to the health condition at the time of evaluation. Nursing interventions are system that gives an in-depth analysis of how nurses perform duties in a health institution so as to treat and manage health disorders; for instance, mental health nurses will use a guideline provided by the health provider to treat and administer medication. Last but not least, patient outcome is the first-hand information offered by patients to health professionals and help in improvising and implementing treatment. Nursing care plan Firstly, Kevin was put on antipsychotic medication of 20mg one time daily in the first week and scheduled to double at the start of the second week. The administering of the medication by the doctors followed the report by the World Health Organization on care planning on chronically mental disorder; where organization officials suggested that use of antipsychotic to treat chronic mental illness is of significant to stabilizing the patient. Secondly, Kevin was taken to psychotherapy alongside his brother where the doctor talked about his conditions and related mental health issues. During the session, Kevin's brother was made aware of the feelings and behavioral acts of Kevin and factors that agitate his actions. Besides, he was taught on ways to cope with the stress. At the end of the discussion, Kevin agreed to have long-term consultation psychotherapy with the doctor to improve his emotional and behavior. Thirdly, Kevin was moved to a psychiatric care inpatient unit to be monitored for the next twenty-four hours. The move was aimed at improving Kevin's mental health as well as his hygiene. In the psychiatric unit, Kevin was put on antidepressants and mood-stabilizing medications. The antidepressants are used to treat anxiety and depressions. The drugs improve a patient's lack of energy and relax the mind. On the other hand, mood-stabilizing drugs are used alongside antidepressants to treat depression and to some extent treat bipolar mania conditions of patients. During the twenty-four hours monitoring in the psychiatric care unit Kevin showed improved signs and promised never to threaten to commit murder. Community group therapy was administered during the period. After the twenty-four hours, Kevin was discharged back to his family where his medication is overseen by the home based health care practitioner. Kevin also attends sessions twice a week for people with the chronic mental disorder. Nursing interventions Recently the Australian College of Mental Health Nurses in partnership with the World Health Organization launched an online CPD with the aim of improving the knowledge and skills of nurses to curb mental health conditions related t chronic diseases (Badland et al. 2014). Subsequently, the ACMHN is creating awareness on the increased case of the chronic disease in the state by training nurses on how to identify, intervene, treat and manage mental illness in a population with the chronic disorder. Notably, it is important for mental health nurses as well as all medical practitioners to have the knowledge and skill on how to treat and manage chronic illness owing to the fact most health professionals are at the grassroots of health care provision in Australia. The ACMHN has paid attention to details on the idea of psychotherapy and having hospital psychiatric units' to monitor patients (Badland et al. 2014). The ACMHN has an eLearning program which lasts for up to 20 minutes and focuses on chronic illness such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and mental health. The modules are aimed at shifting the level of awareness of patients on the chronic disorder to ensure sustainability of the project, enable relatives to cope with the stress of living with chronic mental disorder patients, and support families and patients while building healthy working relationships. Conclusion To sum up, I believe that I can do a lot to better service delivery in the nursing sector. Firstly, I ought to have spoken to the assistant before meeting them with the patient as it could have orientated me for the day (Holloway and Galvin, 2016). Secondly, the fieldwork made me appreciate the importance of team work during a study; it breeds creativity and makes it easy to handle any work due to the diverse nature of the team. Thirdly, I feel that it could have been better to contact the Dean before starting the fieldwork so as to familiarize with the scope of study; it could offer a solution for curbing the nervousness, and the interview could have been successful. Lastly, it could have been a good choice if I had read much on the mentally chronic disease before taking to the field. To that end, it is evident that Evidence-Based Practices offer medical officers a chance to apply clinical reflective practices in their work. The first interview was hectic due to my naivety and lack of exposure. However, after internalizing and reflecting on actions, I was able to hold a presentation before the first year students and use my experience to create awareness on how effective to conduct an interview. Clinical reflective practices also serve an important role in giving nurses identity to their personal experiences and make the best out of it. Most importantly, the treatment and management of chronic mental disorder entail integration of both social and cultural factors where the community decision is placed at the center of the directorate process. What is more, is that the ministry of health in Australia and stakeholder in the nursing industry need to implement the clinical reflective practice exercise in the curricula starting from senior schools. It is, therefore, po ssible to treat and manage chronic illness provided the relationship between the patient, the nurse, and the family is well maintained. References Badland, H., Whitzman, C., Lowe, M., Davern, M., Aye, L., Butterworth, I., ... Giles-Corti, B. (2014). Urban liveability: emerging lessons from Australia for exploring the potential for indicators to measure the social determinants of health. Social science medicine, 111, 64-73. Holloway, I., Galvin, K. (2016). Qualitative research in nursing and healthcare

Mohandas K. Gandhi Research Paper Essays - Nonviolence, Gandhism

Anthony Thompson Gifted Language Mrs. Page Due March 29 Mohandas K. Gandhi Research Paper What was the legacy of Gandhi?s efforts in India? Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi?was the pre-eminent political and spiritual leader of?India?during the?Indian independence movement. He was the pioneer of?Satyagraha?a resistance to?tyranny?through mass?civil disobedience, a philosophy firmly founded upon?ahimsa?or total?nonviolence?which led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. Gandhi influenced important leaders and political movements. Leaders of the?civil rights movement?in the United States, mainly Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., drew from the writings of Gandhi in the development of their own theories about non-violence. Anti-apartheid?activist and former President of South Africa,?Nelson Mandela, was inspired by Gandhi. Time?magazine named Gandhi the?Man of the Year?in 1930. In 1931, Albert Einstein?exchanged written letters with Gandhi, and called him "a role model for the generations to come" in a writing about him. Gandhi was also the runner-up to?Albert Einstein?as "Person of the Century?. How did Gandhi?s methods of non-violent protest influence future social and political movements? Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. once said, "Christ gave us the goals and Mahatma Gandhi the tactics." Gandhi's life and teachings inspired many who specifically referred to Gandhi as their mentor or who dedicated their lives to spreading Gandhi's ideas. Satyagraha?is a philosophy and practice of?nonviolent resistance?developed by?Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Gandhi deployed Satyagraha in campaigns for?Indian independence and also during his earlier struggles in?South Africa. Satyagraha theory influenced?Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.,?during campaigns he led during the?civil rights movement?in the?United States, and many other social justice and similar movements. ?Like most people, I had heard of Gandhi, but I had never studied him seriously. As I read I became deeply fascinated by his campaigns of nonviolent resistance. I was particularly moved by his Salt March to the Sea and his numerous fasts. The whole concept of?Satyagraha?was profoundly significant to me. As I delved deeper into the philosophy of Gandhi, my skepticism concerning the power of love gradually diminished, and I came to see for the first time its potency in the area of social reform. It was in this Gandhian emphasis on love and nonviolence that I discovered the method for social reform that I had been seeking.? How did the Indian independence movement influence future independence movements in other countries? Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nelson Mandela both based their independence movements on Gandhi's teachings. In the United States, Martin Luther King, Jr. used non-violent tactics such as marches, sit-ins, and boycotts to combat racial segregation and discrimination. "Since being in India, I am more convinced than ever before that the method of nonviolent resistance is the most potent weapon available to oppressed people in their struggle for justice and human dignity. In a real sense, Mahatma Gandhi embodied in his life certain universal principles that are inherent in the moral structure of the universe, and these principles are as inescapable as the law of gravitation." Nelson Mandela was the first black president of South Africa and fought apartheid, a system of legal?racial segregation?enforced by the?National Party?government in?South Africa?between 1948 and 1994, with Gandhi's tactics. How did it help to end colonialism and change global power structures? When India gained its independence in 1947, it weakened the British empire. It also inspired other countries under control of the British to become independent, such as South Africa. It opened the world's eyes to the cruelty that the people of India had to grow through to gain independence. It helped to end colonialism and changed the world's empires from near dictatorship to a democracy.

The inflammatory phases of Atherosclerosis The WritePass Journal

The inflammatory phases of Atherosclerosis Abstract The inflammatory phases of Atherosclerosis Abstract IntroductionAimsRationale of the aimsRelated Abstract Aim This review describes recent investigations in to the impact of atherosclerosis on the vessel using four inflammatory stages eventually leading to cardiovascular complication. Research in to atherosclerosis has intensified globally as it has become one of the main reasons for increased mortality among individuals particularly within western societies. Inflammation has been established as the principal concept due to it stimulating progressive lesion development. As a result it is known as a chronic inflammatory disorder. Numerous cellular and molecular inflammatory mediators participate in the formation, development and rupture of the atherosclerotic plaque. Several experimental studies have demonstrated that monocyte- derived macrophages as well as T-lymphocytes are the most distinctive cells to accumulate within progressive plaques and induce the production of pro-inflammatory components, more recently, potential anti-inflammatory mediators have been identified in the inflammatory response. The rate of progressive plaque development varies in different types of people. Risk factors increase the development of this condition and promote the occurrence of physical symptoms on the patient. Conclusions (1) Inflammation attacks arteries systematically within phases and (2) the significance of the role of inflammatory molecules, linking inflammation to atherosclerosis. Introduction The management of cardiovascular diseases has significantly improved, however it is still not clearly understood as to why atherosclerosis remains the leading pathological cause of both morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Atherosclerosis is known to be a type of arteriosclerosis, but in addition to the hardening and narrowing of the arteries, cholesterol begins to deposit within their walls. It is a multifactorial disease which includes build up of atheromatous plaque and accumulation of more complex lesions within the arterial walls specifically in the intimal layer leading to the rupture of these vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques (Skjot-Arkil et al, 2010). This process is initiated in childhood and according to the results of PDAY   (pathobiological determinants of atherosclerosis in youth study), visible symptoms of atherosclerosis will occur between ages of 15-54 years (McGill et al.2007). Furthermore this disease can occur in both medium and large sized arteries including the aorta, carotid artery and even the smaller coronary arteries. Due to the fact that it affects multiple arterial locations, it can then lead to clinical diseases such as coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, myocardial infarction. Jongstra et al. (2006) demonstrated that within the intima of VCAM-1 positive mice, local chronic inflammation predisposed to atherosclerosis. This provided further evidence to support previous studies that inflammation participates in the atherosclerotic process. Consequently, inflammation is progressively involved in the plaque formation, resulting in an inevitable stenosis (Vidal-Vanaclocha, 2009). Numerous epidemiological studies have revealed many risk factors that accelerate atherosclerosis development including age, male gender, obesity, smoking, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Moreover, a recent study (Holvoet et al, 2007) found that a positive correlation exists between an increased amount of oxidised LDL and the quantity of calcium built up in the coronary artery. Therefore showing that increased amount of oxidised LDL is a unique risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. The factors that facilitate this plaque formation are inflammatory mediators. As the endothelial cell is activated, this results in expression of many cell surface adhesion molecules including cytokines, chemokines, monocytes, immunoglobulins. These promote endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis as well as inducing foam cell formation with the assistance of macrophages. However, the functional mechanisms of cytokines in initiating and prolonging atherosclerosis are still not clearly un derstood. Aims To explore the role of inflammation in atherosclerosis To explore the mechanisms of inflammatory cell recruitment and accumulation within the plaque. To explore the function of various different mediators in this process, including both pro and anti-inflammatory mediators. Rationale of the aims To investigate the effects of the inflammatory cycle on arteries using atherosclerosis as the central condition. Hence, following the aims and objectives of the literature review, an overview of numerous meta-analyses of mediator involvement in this process is provided. This would be performed by reviewing the most relevant literature for the past five years using Pubmed, Science direct and Google Scholar. Table 1 Methodical reviews on the involvement of inflammatory components within the development of atherosclerosis. Type of component Mediator Experimental source Inflammatory effect Effect on Atherosclerosis Author, year Immunoglobulin ICAM-1 Human plasma Human aortic SMC Human aortic endothelial cells ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ Bielinski et al, 2008 Burton et al, 2009 Roth et al, 2007 Immunoglobulin VCAM-1 Human plasma Human aortic endothelial cells ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ Bielinski et al, 2008 Roth et al, 2007 Cytokine TNF-alpha APoE-/- mice ↓ ↓ Bhaskar et el, 2011 Cytokine IFN-gamma Human RNA ↑ ↑ Niedzielska and Cierpka, 2010 Cytokine M-CSF Human platelets ↑ Siezer et al, 2010 Cytokine IL-6 Human aortic endothelial cells Human Plasma APoE-/- mice ↑ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ Roth et al, 2007 Hoshi et al, 2008 Bhaskar et al, 2011 Cytokine IL-1 (beta) Human aortic SMC APoE-/- mice ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ Burton et al, 2009 Bhaskar et al, 2011 Chemokine CXCL16 Human and murine   macrophages APoE-/- ↑ ↑ ↑ Lehrke et al, 2007 Wen-Yi et al, 2011 Chemokine CXCR6 Human and murine macrophages ↑ ↑ Lehrke et al, 2007 Ligand CD40 L Human umbilical vein endothelial cells ↑ ↑ Chakrabarti et al, 2010 Monocyte Protein MCP-1 Human aortic endothelial cellsAPoE-/- mice ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ Roth et al, 2007 Bhaskar et al, 2011 Toll-like receptor TLR-2 ↑ Doherty et al, 2006

How To Make Homemade Drain Cleaner

How To Make Homemade Drain Cleaner Why pay for expensive drain cleaners when you can apply chemistry to make the products yourself? Here is how to make homemade drain cleaner to unclog your drain cheaply and effectively. Homemade Drain Cleaner Method #1: Baking Soda and Vinegar The same chemical reaction that makes bubbles for the classic science fair chemical volcano can be used to loosen gunk from a slow drain. When baking soda and vinegar are mixed, carbon dioxide is produced. This agitates material in the clog, making it easier to flush away. Remove as much excess water as possible.Pour a liberal amount of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) into the drain. You can use half a box, if you like.Pour vinegar (weak acetic acid) into the drain. The reaction between the chemicals will produce bubbles.If you have a plunger, try to loosen the clog.Rinse with hot water.Repeat if desired. Mixing baking soda and vinegar is safe and non-toxic. The products are also easy to find and inexpensive, so if your drain is just slow rather than seriously clogged, its a good option to try. If no water is draining at all, you may need to break out the big guns. Drain Cleaner Method #2: Sodium Hydroxide The active ingredient in serious drain cleaner is sodium hydroxide or lye. If youre a true do-it-yourself type, you can actually make sodium hydroxide from the electrolysis of sodium chloride (table salt) in water. Another way to make lye is from ashes. You can purchase sodium hydroxide (also called caustic soda) at any hardware supply store.  Some commercial products also contain small metal flakes, which react with sodium hydroxide to produce hydrogen gas and a lot of heat. The heat helps melt greasy clogs. Fill a plastic bucket most of the way full with cold water. Sodium hydroxide can react with metal, so a glass bowl is fine too, but  dont use a metal pot.Add 3 cups sodium hydroxide. You can stir it with a plastic or wooden spoon. The mixture will fizz and heat up.Pour this solution into the drain. Let it work its magic for 30 minutes,Rinse with boiling water. Safety Information The sodium hydroxide dissolves organic material, like hair and grease. This is a highly effective chemical, but as with commercial drain cleaner, you need to follow safety instructions. Sodium hydroxide can burn your skin and evolve caustic vapors. So, wear gloves and avoid handling sodium hydroxide or putting unprotected hands in the water after adding this product. Make sure air circulation in the room is good and avoid using more product than you need.  While you could simply pour sodium hydroxide in your drain, its much safer for you and your plumbing to mix it with water first to dilute it. Not that you would, but dont drink it or leave it where children or pets might get into it. Avoid inhaling the fumes. Basically, follow the safety precautions listed on the container. Additional Tips A common problem with bathroom sinks, showers, and bathtubs is hair caught in the drain. Remove the drain and pull away any hair or other matter that has become trapped. If you havent tried it already, clear the U-shaped trap below the drain, Put a bucket under the drain and use a wrench to unscrew the trap from the plumbing. Shake it out or use an old toothbrush to push debris through the joint. Rinse it with water before screwing it back into place.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 129

Assignment Example e policy focused on reallocation of resources to reflect market forces which was followed by reduction and removal of tariff protection in addition to corporatization and privatization of government business enterprises (Australia 1998). The microeconomic reforms aimed at improving the efficiency and effectiveness of industries and therefore impose competition (Gittins & Forsyth 2008). When more and more industries become efficient per unit production the costs will eventually be lowered (Gittins & Forsyth 2008). This will automatically results to increased profit made by the business. The main objective is to ensure that producers transfer and supply their resources to the industries that are efficient. This will see abandonment of those industries which are not using the resources efficiently. The implementation of the microeconomic reforms basing on the 5 sector flow model has seen sharper competition develop between lower and foreign investments. More and great incentives are now available for local investors to improve their productivity by reducing costs and seeking new markets (Gittins & Forsyth 2008). There is great openness to trade and many people are encouraged even to specialize in business. Moreover, prices of commodities have also lowered and things are much affordable to the domestic consumers. Competition in communication sectors has seen advancement since the reforms ended monopoly discrimination of single business (Gittins & Forsyth 2008). The microeconomic reform policies have one major advantage. It is upon individual businesses to come up with the best strategies to sell and overcome competitors. This has seen service delivery and quality of products improve. One of the shortcomings is conflict among competing business companies (Budget.gov 1998). The free business environment needs to have regulation. This will ensure there is respect among competing companied as far as competition is concerned. Australian microeconomic policy has a major

Compare and contrast between the philosophical thoughts of Booker T Essay

Compare and contrast between the philosophical thoughts of Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Dubois - Essay Example He sympathized with the black community to accept discrimination until such time they had material wealth to sustain their struggle. Moreover, Washington argued that the problem of black people could only be solved through hard work that lead to economic prosperity (Booker T. Washington vs. W.E.B DuBois). Furthermore, Washington believed in education of the black people. He understood that education was an important tool in harnessing craftsmanship, farming skills, and enterprise. He believed that if people were educated they would easily cultivated the virtues of patience and thrift. Washington argued that these values would help black people win over the respect to the whites and make them integrated in the society. Du Bois was a political philosopher and an intellectual who lived from 1868 to 1963. He disputed Washington ideas and argued that they would aggravate discrimination of the black people rather than deliver them from servitude. Instead of perseverance Du Bois pursued political agitation and civil movement agenda. He helped form the NAACP. Moreover, Du Bois argued that social change can only be brought about by the influence of black college and university students. Du Bois referred to student as’ the Talented Tenth’ (Karenga 368). Washington and Du Bois agreed on the role of education, but they differed on how it would help the black community. For Washington, education was all good for everyone. However, Du Bois argued that education would only help a small group of the talented youth. Therefore, educated secured the plight of students only (Karenga 369). This called for civil rights movement to secure the rights of other black people from the white’s supremacy. Washington was more compromising while he requested the whites to offers the black people jobs and education and in return give up the demand for social equality. On the other hand, Du Bois was a militant who overturned the philosophy of Washington to a halt and made it

Good will definition Essay Example for Free

Good will definition Essay An account that can be found in the assets portion of a companys balance sheet. Goodwill can often arise when one company is purchased by another company. In an acquisition, the amount paid for the company over book value usually accounts for the target firms intangible assets. Goodwill is seen as an intangible asset on the balance sheet because it is not a physical asset like buildings or equipment. Goodwill typically reflects the value of intangible assets such as a strong brand name, good customer relations, good employee relations and any patents or proprietary technology. Method: There are three methods of valuation of goodwill of the firm; 1. Average Profits Method 2. Super Profits Method 3. Capitalisation Method 1. Average Profits Method: This method of goodwill valuation takes the average profit of previous years as its basis. This average profit is multiplied by the number of purchases made in that year. Goodwill = Average Profit x Number of Purchases in the year Before calculating the average profits the following adjustments should be made in the profits of the firm: a. Any abnormal profits should be deducted from the net profits of that year. b. Any abnormal loss should be added back to the net profits of that year. c. Non-operating incomes eg. Income from investments etc should be deducted from the net profits of that year. Example: An Ltd agreed to buy the business of B Ltd. For that purpose Goodwill is to be valued at three years purchase of Average Profits of last five years. The profits of B Ltd. for the last five years are: Year| Profit/Loss ($)| 2005 | 10,000,000| 2006| 12,250,000| 2007| 7,450,000| 2008| 2,450,000 (Loss)| 2009| 12,400,000| Following additional information is available: 1. In the year 2008 the company suffered a loss of $1,000,500 due to fire in the factory. 2. In the year 2009 the company earned an income from investments outside the business $ 4,500,250. Solution: Total profits earned in the past five years= 10,000,000 + 12,250,000 + 7,450,000 2,450,000 + 12,400,000 = $ 39,650,000 Total Profits after adjustments = $ 39,650,000 + $ 1,000,500 $ 4,500,250=$ 36,150,250 Average Profits= $ 36,150,250à ·5=$ 7,230,050 Goodwill = $ 7,230,050Ãâ€"3=$ 21,690,150 Thus A Ltd would pay $ 21,690,150 as the price of Goodwill earned by B Ltd. 2. Super profits method: Super profit refers to a situation where in the actual profit is higher than what is expected. Under this method, Goodwill = super profit x number of years’ purchase Steps for calculating Goodwill under this method are given below: i) Normal Profits = Capital Invested X Normal rate of return/100 ii) Super Profits = Actual Profits Normal Profits iii) Goodwill = Super Profits x No. of years purchased For example, the capital employed as shown by the books of ABC Ltd is $ 50,000,000. And the normal rate of return is 10 %. Goodwill is to be calculated on the basis of 3 years purchase of super profits of the last four years. Profits for the last four years are: Year| Profit/Loss ($)| 2005 | 10,000,000| 2006| 12,250,000| 2007| 7,450,000| 2008| 5,400,000| Total profits for the last four years = 10,000,000 + 12,250,000 + 7,450,000 + 5,400,000 = $35,100,000 Average Profits = 35,100,000 / 4 = $ 8,775,000 Normal Profits = 50,000,000 X 10/100 = $ 5,000,000 Super Profits = Average/ Actual Profits − Normal Profits = 8,775,000 − 5,000,000 = $ 3,775,000 Goodwill = 3,775,000 Ãâ€" 3 = $ 11,325,000 3. Capitalisation Method: There are two ways of calculating Goodwill under this method: (i) Capitalisation of Average Profits Method (ii) Capitalisation of Super Profits Method (i) Capitalisation of Average Profits Method: As per this method, Goodwill = Capitalized Value the firm Net Assets Capitalized Value of the firm = Average Profit x 100/ Normal Rate of Return Net Assets = Total Assets External Liabilities For example a firm earns $40,000 as its average profits. The normal rate of rteturn is 10%. Total assets of the firm are $1,000,000 and its total external liabilities are $ 500,000. To calculate the amount of goodwill: Total capitalized value of the firm = 40,000 Ãâ€" 100/10 = 400,000 Capital Employed = 1,000,000 − 500,000 = 500,000 Goodwill = 500,000 − 400,000 = 100,000 (ii)Capitalisation of Super Profits: Under this method, goodwill is calculated as: Goodwill = Super Profit x 100/Normal Rate of Return For example ABC Ltd earns a profit of $ 50,000 by employing a capital of $ 200,000, The normal rate of return of a firm is 20%. To calculate Goodwill: Normal Profits = 200,000 Ãâ€" 20/100 =$ 40,000 Super profits = 50,000 − 40,000 = $10,000 Goodwill = 10,000 Ãâ€" 100 / 20 = $50,000 Partial Goodwill Method In the partial goodwill method, goodwill is calculated as the difference between the purchase consideration paid and the acquirers share of the fair value of the net identifiable assets. In partial goodwill method, only the acquirers share of the goodwill is recognized. Goodwill under full goodwill method exceeds goodwill under partial goodwill method by the non-controlling interest share of the goodwill. Partial goodwill method is not allowed under US GAAP but it is allowed as an option under IFRS (besides the full goodwill method). Goodwill under partial goodwill method differs from goodwill under full goodwill method only in situations in which investment by the acquirer is less than 100%. Example Lets follow the same example that we discussed in full goodwill method. Company A acquired 75% shareholding in Company B for $20 million. Book value of net identifiable assets of Company B is $14 million. The fair value of Company Bs asset is the same as their book value except accounts receivables which are impaired by $1 million. Book value of assets is $54 million while book value of liabilities is $40 million. The purchase consideration is the cash paid to acquire 75% ownership and it equals $20 million. Fair value of net identifiable assets is $13 million ($54 million book value minus $1 million on account if impairment in accounts receivable minus liabilities of $40 million). The acquirers share of the net identifiable assets equals 75% of $13 million which equals $9.75 million. Goodwill is hence $20 million minus $9.75 which equals $10.25 million. Company A will pass the following journal entry to record the business combination. Goodwill| $10.25 M| | Assets| $53 M| | Liabilities| | $40 M| Cash| | $20 M| Non-Controlling Interest| | $3.25 M| Non-controlling interest is calculated as 25% of fair value of net identifiable assets. It equals $3.25 ($13 million multiplied by 0.25). It can also be arrived at the balancing figure: (goodwill under full goodwill method + assets acquired − liabilities assumed − cash paid). Total goodwill under full goodwill method was $13.67 and non-controlling interest was $6.67 million. The difference is non-controlling interest in case of partial goodwill is only because in partial goodwill method the non-controlling interest share of goodwill is not recorded which equals $3.42 million (0.25 of ($26.67 minus $13 million)). Weighted average profit method This method of goodwill evaluation can be explained as a modified side of the he average profit method. This method involves the relevant number of weights, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4 multiples profit of each year so as to find out value product. The total of products is thereafter divided by the total of weights so as to calculate the weighted average profits. Goodwill = Weighted Average Profits x No. of years Purchase Weighted Average Profit = Total of Products of Profits/ Total of Weights EXAMPLE The profit of X Ltd. for the last five years and the corresponding weights are as follows. Calculate the value of goodwill on the basis of 3 years’ purchase of the weighted average profit. Solution: Weighted Average Profit = Rs. 21, 30,000 à · 15 = Rs. 1, 42,000. Value of Goodwill = 3 years’ purchase of weighted average profit: Rs. 1, 42,000 x 3 = Rs. 4, 26,000

Revelations and Parker?s Back Essay -- essays research papers fc

Revelations and Parker’s Back   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story â€Å"Revelations† by Flannery O’Connor portrays the character of Ms. Turpin as a very hypocritical Christian. It’s absurd how obvious she is in her view of society; it could not be less unchristian like. Her opinions towards other people and their intelligence are Ms. Turpin’s greatest flaw. â€Å"Parker’s Back† also written by Flannery O’Connor is just the opposite of Revelations, Parker spends his entire life trying to fill a void that has grown so deep inside him it becomes unbearable. His continual dislike and downgrading of Christianity plays into his problems even more. The stories have very unique approaches, both of which prove to be very intriguing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The character of Ms. Turpin shows from the very start that she is going to encounter many problems as the story progresses. Her dislike for Negroes or as she referred to them as â€Å"niggers† and her constant distinction of social class ranking showed that she was not the Christian she claimed to be. When she talks about cotton she says â€Å"you can’t get the white folks to pick it and now you can’t get the niggers-because they got to be right up there with the white folk.â€Å" When she looked at herself she saw a very good Christian. She always congratulated herself on how she always helped everyone and was always there to take care of her slaves. Nevertheless she had hidden meaning for all of these; she only helped the slaves so that she co...

Grey Market

A  grey market  or  gray market  also known as parallel market  is the trade of a commodity through distribution channels which, while legal, are unofficial, unauthorized, or unintended by the original manufacturer. Unlike  black market  goods, grey-market goods are legal. However, they are sold outside normal distribution channels by companies which may have no relationship with the producer of the goods. Frequently this form of  parallel import  occurs when the price of an item is significantly higher in one country than another. This situation commonly occurs with electronic equipment such as  cameras. Entrepreneurs  buy the product where it is available cheaply, often at retail but sometimes at wholesale, and import it legally to the target market. They then sell it at a price high enough to provide a profit but under the normal market price. International efforts to promote  free trade, including reduced  tariffs  and harmonized national standards, facilitate this form of arbitrage  whenever manufacturers attempt to preserve highly disparate pricing. Because of the nature of grey markets, it is difficult or impossible to track the precise numbers of grey-market sales. Grey-market goods are often new, but some grey market goods are  used goods. A market in used goods is sometimes nicknamed a Green Market. The parties most concerned with the grey market are usually the authorized agents or importers, or the retailers of the item in the target market. Often this is the national subsidiary of the manufacturer, or a related company. In response to the resultant damage to their profits and reputation, manufacturers and their official distribution chain will often seek to restrict the grey market. Such responses can breach  competition law, particularly in the European Union. Manufacturers or their licensees often seek to enforce  trademark  or other  intellectual-property  rights against the grey market. Such rights may be exercised against the import, sale and/or advertisement of grey imports. In 2002,  Levi Strauss, after a 4-year legal fight, prevented UK supermarket Tesco  from selling grey market jeans. However, such rights can be limited. Examples of such limitations include the  first-sale doctrine  in the United States and the doctrine of the  exhaustion of rights  in the European Union. Manufactures power towards the Grey Market When grey-market products are advertised on  Google,  eBay  or other legitimate web sites, it is possible to petition for removal of any advertisements that violate trademark or copyright laws. This can be done directly, without the involvement of legal professionals. eBay , for example, will remove listings of such products even in countries where their purchase and use is not against the law. * Manufacturers may refuse to supply distributors and retailers (and with commercial products, customers) that trade in grey-market goods. * They may also more broadly limit supplies in markets where prices are low. Manufacturers may refuse to honour the warranty of an item purchased from grey-market sources, on the grounds that the higher price on the non-grey market reflects a higher level of service even though the manufacturer does of course control their own prices to distributors. * Alternatively, they may provide the warranty service only from the manufacturer's subsidiary in the intended country of import, not the diverted third country where the grey goods are ultimately sold by the distributor or retailer. This response to the grey market is especially evident in electronics goods. Identifying the Grey Market Product * Manufacturers may give the same item different model numbers in different countries, even though the functions of the item are identical, so that they can identify grey imports. * Manufacturers can also use batch codes to enable similar tracing of grey imports. Parallel market importers often de-code the product in order to avoid the identification of the supplier. In the United States, courts have decided that decoding which blemishes the product is a material alteration, rendering the product infringed. Parallel market importers have worked around this limitation by developing new removal techniques. * The development of  DVD region codes, and equivalent  regional-lockout  techniques in other media, are examples of technological features designed to limit the flow of goods between national markets, effectively fighting the grey market that would otherwise develop. This enables movie studios and other content creators to charge more for the same product in one market than in another or alternatively withhold the product from some markets for a particular time. ————————————————- Five reasons for not buying a grey market product ————————————————- ————————————————- The grey market holds a lot of attraction for a number of people looking for tech products. In many cases, it provides people with products that have not been officially released in their countries (consider the iPad) and in others, allows them to buy a product at a much lower rate – a grey market iPhone 3GS for instance comes for around Rs 28,000 as compared to its prim and proper counterpart, which costs in the vicinity of Rs 35,000. However, making a purchase from the grey market comes with its own set of pitfalls, some of which can be significant. Here’s a look at five of the biggest ones. 1. No assurance of authenticity:   No matter how well you know the dealer from whom you have bought the product, you have virtually any way of knowing that what you have got is a genuine, first-hand article. There is a chance that you might end up with a second-hand product that has been repackaged. 2. Absence of warranty and support:  Products purchased from the grey market are not covered by official warranty and support. So the Lord help you if something goes wrong with it – you will have to head right back to the grey market to get it repaired, without any assurance whatsoever that things will be fine. 3. No updates:  In the case of many grey market products, software updates are simply not possible. You therefore run the risk of not getting the latest improvements the company might have made to a product. Many people using pirated versions of Windows have been unable to install the special packages Microsoft released for the software. 4. Limited functionality:  A number of products will work only with limited functionality if you purchase them from â€Å"unofficial† sources. For example, those who have purchased their PS3 from the grey market might have trouble playing games online. 5. No receipt:  A grey market purchase being not strictly legal, you are unlikely to get a proper receipt for your product, which effectively prevents you from showing it in your accounts, when you head to the taxman to show your revenues and expenses. The Darker Shades of the Grey Market The grey market has long been an issue for manufacturers and their retailers, but the problem has grown exponentially because of the Internet. The simple definition of the grey market is â€Å"the sale of products by unauthorized dealers, frequently at discounted prices. † Grey market worries go way beyond the scuba industry. It is a global issue for manufacturers as large as Sony, Hewlett-Packard and Xerox, and a major worry for retailers as sophisticated as Best Buy. It is also a problem within numerous industries, some of which you wouldn't guess. For example, broadcasting has its grey market resellers of Dish Network and DIRECTV. And consider the wine business — for marketing purposes wine is sold for much less money in parts of Europe. Because of the price disparity it is possible to buy wine from an authorized distributor, say in France, and resell it in the United States, often for less than the wholesale price of a U. S. authorized distributor. No, the scuba equipment industry is not uniquely paranoid. You are not alone in your concernsGrey market goods are not necessarily illegal, so some ask, â€Å"What is the harm, especially when consumers can benefit from lower prices? † The answer is that the grey market undermines normal distribution channels. It does this in a number of ways. The most obvious is that products that are diverted to unauthorized resellers usually end up competing with a manufacturer's legitimate dealers with substantially lower prices. This devalues the products, reduces everyone's profits, and alienates the manufacturers' dealers. It also puts the manufacturers' network of dealers, and thus the manufacturers' future distribution, at risk. Pricing is a big issue. The argument that lower prices benefit consumers is grossly incorrect. In a service business the grey market winds up hurting everyone, including the consumer. As price cutting gets out of hand and retailers have to compete with price their margins suffer. Consider that, as a general rule, a 10 percent reduction in a retailer's gross profit requires the retailer to sell to 50 percent more customers to earn the same profit dollars. In a specialty business like scuba that increase is near impossible to achieve. The grey market puts the business of the legitimate dealers in jeopardy. That pressure goes up the line to the manufacturers who are forced to watch their dealer base dwindle, and/or make concessions to dealers to help them compete. Then manufacturer margins suffer. In diving, many companies work on slim net margins, so when the gross margins suffer†¦. Let's put the price and margin factors aside for a moment. Another large issue is that since manufacturers have no control over unauthorized dealers, products and brands can be devalued not just from (the consumer's perception that results from the) low pricing, but because of negative issues surrounding consumer protection, product integrity, service and warranties, and recall notifications. In short, when a manufacturer loses control of its distribution, negative consumer experiences can damage the goodwill and reputation of a brand. And finally, a manufacturer's product pricing structure includes its costs for marketing, promotion, product research and development, product liability and regulatory compliance. Although unauthorized resellers benefit from selling the products, they do not contribute to these expenses. It's a very important consideration that for consumers, the scuba business is as much about service as it is about equipment. The service component becomes such a tangible part of every product's retail price. The profit represents no less than your consumers' access to this sport. And anyone who thinks that price is the pressing issue for our customers doesn't understand the importance of service in the consumer's perception of a product's value. In other words, in this business consumers expect retailers to supply them all of the other (including the social) aspects of the sport. Of course, there's a limit to that loyalty when it's tested by low grey market prices. In short, anyone who thinks that the grey market's lower prices are good for consumers is wrong. It's a Tactical Issue Unauthorized dealers acquire products in a number of ways. In scuba, as in the wine example above, much of the product comes from overseas, where favorable exchange rates or pricing structures make America an attractive market. Unauthorized dealers also work to acquire product from sources within the authorized dealer network. I would like to emphasize again that people in the diving business tend to see their industry as paranoid, too provincial, too protective of retailers. But you are not. In fact, in all industries afflicted by the grey market, concerned manufacturers use a number of tactics to fight those sales. In the electronics industry, for example, Sony and many others won't honor the warranty on products bought through the grey market. The U. S. division of Nikon goes further. They will only service products that are purchased through an authorized retailer. It declines grey-market repairs even if a customer is willing to pay for them. Another lever that manufacturers use is the threat of prosecution of trademark laws to restrict advertisements for the products. So when grey market products are advertised on Web sites it is possible to petition for removal of advertisements that violate trademark or copyright laws. Our business, Net Enforcers, has been helping companies combat grey-market distribution of their wares. We understand the darker sides of the grey market because we work in a number of industries for some very large companies like Samsung and Sony as well as for many of the manufacturers in the scuba industry. The companies hire us as a private police force to monitor Web sites for illegal use of product photography, copyrighted product descriptions, trademark logos and branding material. We also look for false or fraudulent statements of warranty or statements to the effect that the manufacturer supports the product they sell. We're the plumbers, finding leaks in the distribution pipes through sophisticated methods of investigation. When we find sites that we suspect are illegitimate, we issue takedown notices, a method of copyright enforcement that compels Internet service providers to pull suspected copyright infringements. The purpose of this piece is to explain the problem that the grey market has become in many industries and why you are right to be concerned about it, and to encourage your industry to continue working to keep it in check. This s especially critical because the dive business is so safety- and service-oriented, and its retailers create diving's customers. It's why maintaining the integrity of brands, products and pricing requires an especially strong commitment to stay within the proper distribution channels. PRESENCE OF GREY MARKET: Grey Market is present in many industries. Some of them are: * Automobiles * Cell phones * Computer games * Pharmaceuticals * Pianos * Photographic equipm ent * Broadcasting * With securities * IPO * Electronics * Textbooks

Hong Kong

What about Hong Kong? If we explore the culture of Hong Kong through the lens of the 5-D Model, we can get a good overview of the deep drivers of its culture relative to other world cultures. Power distance This dimension deals with the fact that all individuals in societies are not equal – it expresses the attitude of the culture towards these inequalities amongst us. Power distance is defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organisations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally.At 68 Hong Kong has a high score on PDI – i. e. a society that believes that inequalities amongst people are acceptable. The subordinate-superior relationship tends to be polarized and there is no defense against power abuse by superiors. Individuals are influenced by formal authority and sanctions and are in general optimistic about people’s capacity for leadership and initiative. Individualism The fundamental issue addr essed by this dimension is the degree of interdependence a society maintains among its members.It has to do with whether people? s self-image is defined in terms of â€Å"I† or â€Å"We†. In Individualist societies people are supposed to look after themselves and their direct family only. In Collectivist societies people belong to ‘in groups’ that take care of them in exchange for loyalty. At a score of 25 Hong Kong is a collectivist culture where people act in the interests of the group and not necessarily of themselves. In-group considerations affect hiring and promotions with closer in-groups (such as family) are getting preferential treatment.Whereas relationships with colleagues are cooperative for in-groups they are cold or even hostile to out-groups. Personal relationships prevail over task and company. Communication is indirect and the harmony of the group has to be maintained, open conflicts are avoided. Masculinity / Femininity A high score (masc uline) on this dimension indicates that the society will be driven by competition, achievement and success, with success being defined by the winner / best in field – a value system that starts in school and continues throughout organisational behaviour.A low score (feminine) on the dimension means that the dominant values in society are caring for others and quality of life. A feminine society is one where quality of life is the sign of success and standing out from the crowd is not admirable. The fundamental issue here is what motivates people, wanting to be the best (masculine) or liking what you do (feminine). At 57 Hong Kong is a somewhat masculine society –success oriented and driven. The need to ensure success can be exemplified by the fact that many will spend many hours at work.Service people (such as hairdressers) will provide services until very late at night. Another example is that students care very much about their exam scores and ranking as this is the main criteria to achieve success or not. Uncertainty avoidance The dimension Uncertainty Avoidance has to do with the way that a society deals with the fact that the future can never be known: should we try to control the future or just let it happen? This ambiguity brings with it anxiety and different cultures have learnt to deal with this anxiety in different ways.The extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these is reflected in the UAI score. At 29 Hong Kong has a low score on uncertainty avoidance. Adherence to laws and rules may be flexible to suit the actual situation and pragmatism is a fact of life. The people in Hong Kong are comfortable with ambiguity; the Chinese language is full of ambiguous meanings that can be difficult for Western people to follow. They are adaptable and entrepreneurial. Long term orientationThe long term orientation dimension is closely rel ated to the teachings of Confucius and can be interpreted as dealing with society’s search for virtue, the extent to which a society shows a pragmatic future-oriented perspective rather than a conventional historical short-term point of view. With a score of 96 Hong Kong is a highly long term oriented society in which persistence and perseverance are normal. Relationships are ordered by status and the order is observed. People are thrifty and sparing with resources and investment tends to be in long term projects such as real estate. Traditions can be adapted to suit new conditions.

The change essays

The change essays Some examples of bureaucracy in the United States are: the International Revenue Service, which collects taxes from citizens. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, which looks into crimes for American citizens. The Postal Service, which delivers mail to citizens and the Health Care Financing Administration, which reimburses states fro money, spent on health care for the poor. An Iron Triangle is the relationship among an agency, a committee and an interest group. For example the Department of Veterans Affairs is a triangle made up of the house and Senate committees on Veteran Affairs and Veterans organizations. These three would make up a strong alliance with each other. The department would do what the committee wanted them to do and in return get political support and budget appropriations and the committee would do what the department wanted and in return get votes and campaign contributions. The Department of Housing and Urban Developing is also and Iron Triangle because it works closely with mayors and real-estate agents. Another example of this is the Department of Agriculture, which works closely with form agencies. The Small Business Administration works closely with congress and loan programs that make it so strong that even the most popular President cannot beat them. The Federal Communications Commission works with broadcasters and heads of cable-television companies. They however are feeling the pressure of separate demands coming from both the television guys as well as the broadcasters. The common government agency today is not an iron triangle but an issue network. An issue network consists of people in Washington based interest groups, on congressional staffs, in universities and think tanks, and in the mass media who regularly debate government policy on a certain subject. The networks are split along political, ideological, and economic lines. ...

Gallimimus Facts and Figures

Gallimimus Facts and Figures Name: Gallimimus (Greek for chicken mimic); pronounced GAL-ih-MIME-us Habitat: Â  Plains of Asia Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (75-65 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 20 feet long and 500 pounds Diet: Unknown; possibly meat, plants and insects and even plankton Distinguishing Characteristics: Long tail and legs; slender neck; wide-set eyes; small, narrow beak About Gallimimus Despite its name (Greek for chicken mimic), its possible to overstate how much the late Cretaceous Gallimimus actually resembled a chicken; unless you know many chickens that weigh 500 pounds and are capable of running 30 miles per hour, a better comparison might be to a beefy, low-to-the-ground, aerodynamic ostrich. In most respects, Gallimimus was the prototypical ornithomimid (bird mimic) dinosaur, albeit a bit larger and slower than many of its contemporaries, such as Dromiceiomimus and Ornithomimus, which lived in North America rather than central Asia. Gallimimus has been featured prominently in Hollywood movies: its the ostrich-like creature seen galloping away from a hungry Tyrannosaurus Rex in the original Jurassic Park, and it also makes smaller, cameo-type appearances in various Jurassic Park sequels. Considering how popular it is, though, Gallimimus is a relatively recent addition to the dinosaur bestiary. This theropod was discovered in the Gobi Desert in 1963, and is represented by numerous fossil remains, ranging from juveniles to full-grown adults; decades of close study have revealed a dinosaur possessing hollow, birdlike bones, well-muscled hind legs, a long and heavy tail, and (perhaps most surprisingly) two eyes set on opposite sides of its small, narrow head, meaning that Gallimimus lacked binocular vision. There is still serious disagreement about the diet of Gallimimus. Most theropods of the late Cretaceous period subsisted on animal prey (other dinosaurs, small mammals, even birds venturing too close to land), but given its lack of stereoscopic vision Gallimimus may well have been omnivorous, and one paleontologist speculates that this dinosaur may even have been a filter feeder (that is, it dipped its long beak into lakes and rivers and snatched up wriggling zooplankton). We do know that other comparably sized and built theropod dinosaurs, such as Therizinosaurus and Deinocheirus, were primarily vegetarians, so these theories cant easily be dismissed!

Global business venture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global business venture - Research Paper Example The battery life is the same 10 hours as of it predecessor. This iconic tablet is available in two colours, black or white, and supports HDMI output using a separate cable. It has front-facing cams with the traditional rear camera and a few cool accessories offered first time by Apple (Apple iPad, 2012). Till now, the product has been launched in many different counties but not in Japan. The other products of Apple have been successfully launched in Japan previously. Therefore Apple Incorporation is now planning to introduce iPad 2 in Japan. For this purpose government, political and economic analysis was carried out. Japans government is a constitutional monarchy and has a parliamentary government. Sovereignty, previously embodied in the emperor, is vested in the Japanese people, and The Emperor is the symbol of the state with sovereignty bestowed to the people of the country. Cabinet composes of Prime Minister and State Ministers and holds the executive power. The members of the cabinet must all be civilians and the power to appoint and remove state minister lies with the prime minister. The judiciary here is independent, with judicial system being drawn from civil law, customary law and Anglo-American common law. The final judicial authority is with the Supreme Court, though there are several levels of courts. The Japanese constitution includes a bill of rights similar to the U.S. Bill of Rights, and the Supreme Court has the right of judicial review. The court verdicts are made in accord with legal statutes. Since the 1980’s Japan has faced political instability. To put Japan back on the path of vibrant growth, the nations tax system was changed; there was a cut in corporate tax and a hike in sales tax, to escape sovereign debt crisis. There were a few other changes in government policies to attract investors towards Japan which had given positive outcomes (Takenaka, 2010). The free-market economy of Japan is the third-largest economy in

Oil and gas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Oil and gas - Essay Example The employee’s team will be enticed through the promises of better hours, bonuses and the additional perks. This will ensure that the employees are always motivated and thus they will not leave the company for better payment. Zz company will also prevent the live company from outweighing them by ensuring that they will not handle the main areas of their concern.zz company will handle themarketing,geographical,exploration and production by offering the competitive salary to employees,encouranging growth, open channel of communication, promoting balance,moltivating and engaging employees. The zz employees will not leave their job for the better salary because the company will ensure the personal career growth of all the employees. The company will offer a career advancement opportunity for all the employees through guiding them and placing them in their areas of specialization. This will help the employee to understand that they are much appreciated and it will even attract the employees from the live company to come and be employed by the zz company. The open channels of communication will encourage the employees in the zz company and they will feel more involved in the operations of the zz company. The zz company will develop a good communication channels and network between the employees and the decision makers which will make the employees to feel that they have a big role in the company. This will ensure that the employees are much connected with the management and it will build the credibility and trust between the employees and the company. The zz company will motivate and engage all the employees in the company’s affairs and they will be able to realize that their effort in t he company are realized. This will build a strong relationship which will ensure that the live company does not take advantage of

Finance Issues during the First Five Years of a New Company Essay

Finance Issues during the First Five Years of a New Company - Essay Example Accumulated losses of the first 3 years have only been neutralized in the last accounting period for which actual results are available. Consequently, the company has never declared a dividend and does not even forecast one for the first year of forecasted business results. Â  2. The Gross Margin has improved from 18.75% in 2004 to 21.57% in 2005. The forecast Gross Margin for 2006, at 22.92% is only slightly higher than the latest achievement of 2005. However, fuel costs, which are significant for a business such as that of PDS is forecast to rise to 26.04% of revenue, as against 25.49% in 2005 and 25% in 2004. It appears that PDS is not able to secure protection against a major inflation driver into its business contracts. However, PDS has been able to reduce variable labor expenses from 56.25% of revenue to just 52.94% in 2005 and expects the trend to continue with a forecast of just 51.04% in 2006. These are significant productivity gains in a challenging human resources environment. Similarly, staff salaries are forecast to remain constant in 2006 compared to 2005, though net profits will more than double. Â  3. Leased capacity utilization has improved very significantly during the past five years, considering the remarkable rise in revenues. However, depreciation at less than 5% of the gross block in vehicles seems to totally inadequate. The depreciation reserve is entirely inadequate and distorts the profitability picture, including the basis for taxation. Â  4. Though the debenture loan and bank overdraft show plenty of scope for gearing compared to the Gross Block, the company does not have any immovable fixed assets.

Brain-Imaging Techniques for Cognitive Functions Analysis

Brain-Imaging Techniques for Cognitive Functions Analysis Using examples of fMRI, explain how researchers use brain-imaging techniques and discuss what, if anything, these techniques can tell us about cognitive functions. Here is introduced the method of fMRI, how imaging data is gained and at what cost is involved in getting it. Further to this the experimental designs are discussed and how these might add to the toolbox available to the experimental psychologist. A study will be looked at, which has used fMRI imaging to add to the existing knowledge and psychological theories that exist around memory. Last of all some areas of concern are looked at as the structure-function data will continue to grow and expand. Before the use of imaging methods, such as that of fMRI and PET scanning, as Naish (2010) points out, it was possible to discover whether certain parts of the brain were responsible for certain cognitive functions. There were problems with this, often relying on accidental legions meant the more than one function could be damaged or it produced inconsistent findings. Lack of clear resolution resulted in the patient being tested through their life to only discover the underlying neurological damage after death. Kaye (2010) highlights a common critique that the current use of imaging techniques does not provide cognitive psychologists with much. The simple structure-to-function mapping does not improve our understanding of cognitive theories. This has been challenged in Henson’s (2005) review of Tulving (1985) ‘remember’ or ‘know’ memory experiment with the use of fMRI methods. Still, it is important to explore the way that imaging methods work for cont inuing psychological understanding. MRI and to an extent also PET imaging works based on the idea that when a cognitive task is being undertaken both glucose and oxygen will be carried to those area(s) of the brain, which requires it significantly over than that of resting or less activate areas (Johnsrude and Hauk 2010). The imaging technique is sensitive to that increased blood flow and that according to Johnsrude and Hauk (2010) this is used to study the functioning of the brain. This is often known as regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF): alongside this the level of oxygen that is left in blood can also be looked at known as the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) contrast, as deoxyhaemoglobin and oxyhaemoglobin produce different magnetic fields (Johnsrude and Hauk, 2010). Although there are some methodological problems with this, such as the lag between neural processing and increased blood flow, it is argued that with the correct design and computer analysis such problems can be dealt with (Henson, 2005). Function al MRI over PET is less intrusive in the sense that more participants can be involved, be studied over a longer time and it is generally easier to maintain. This is due to PET requiring the participant being injected with a radioactive substance which because of health issues rules out who can take part and how many times each participant can undergo PET imaging (Johnsrude and Hauk, 2010). Functional MRI has become the choice of many experimental psychologists. Johnsrude and Hauk (2010) also highlight other issues that make fMRI difficult, but not impossible, the first that the machine itself makes a lot of noise to the extent it can cause hearing damage, it can be constricting and participants cannot move their heads while imaging is taking place. Those with anxiety issues, for example, will find fMRI studies very difficult to take part in but when participants move their heads computers can adjust the images to match up with earlier ones and ear plugs can be worn. Johnsrude and Hauk (2010) present two types of experimental design. Subtractive designs such as that used by Klein et al (1995, cited and explored by Johnsrude and Hauk 2010) is based on the assumption that [cognitive] tasks can be broken down and by adding an additional task between two tasks, the extra load can be subtracted from the two tasks. This allows the extra task to be measured and Klein et al (1995) followed this design. Using native English speakers who later in life learned French, these participants were asked in either language to either repeat the heard word or create a synonym for that word. Speech perception and production would always have to be used, but when asked to create a synonym it would also involve semantic association and word retrieval (cited by Johnsrude and Hauk, 2010). Klein et al (1995) subtracted speech perception and production, allowing them to solely study semantic association and retrieval. They found activation in the prefrontal cortex, perhaps indicating the importance of this region in processing word meaning and response selection. Further to this activation in the basal ganglia in the French synonym task which is linked to motor action a previous known process. The second type of design is that of correlations which Johnsrude and Hauk (2010) highlight as examining the relationship between a presented stimulus or behavioural response along with the associated brain activity. They are relatively simpler than subtractive designs avoiding the interpretation or subtraction of tasks. For example, cognitive states can be examined so signal change in one area can be predictive of activity somewhere else in the brain. If the two areas correlate it could be assumed they are part of the same neural network for the cognitive function either directly or through another region. In this case it is not simple structure-to-function but rather exploring the areas of the brain that are required to perform one cognitive task. Adding or reducing theoretical components to such cognitive tasks. It could be argued that subtractive designs look for differences within known theoretical connected functions, whereas correlational designs look for explorative patterns without assuming such a strong known function-to-structure relationship. Henson (2005) distinguishes between two types of imaging inferences the first function-to-structure deduction and the other structure-to-function induction. The first inference is that of deduction, if one condition activates area one and the second condition activates area two it would be possible to assume that these two different conditions activate different areas within the brain. It does not matter which areas of the brain are activated only that there is a qualitative difference. In terms of function-structure mapping at the psychological function level according to Henson (2005) the only assumption is that the same psychological function (or task) will not give rise to different activation patterns within the brain. For function-to-structure induction the areas of the brain activated are important for each presented condition. Henson (2005) goes on to explain for each presented condition the same area of the brain is activated which can lead to experiments which conditions use the same area of the brain to explain that a certain area of the brain has more than one function but can operate differently depending on the processing task. Rather than there being a disassociation that you would find in deduction there is an association, Henson (2005) argues that in most cases the null hypothesis, therefore has to be accepted, although at the same time this could suggest the abilities and/or limitations of that area of the brain thus results in limitations of that cognitive ability and task. Through psychological manipulations it can be shown that there is a reliable regional dissociations (Henson, 2005). One experiment as mentioned above is that of the remember/know memory experiment that also uses function-structure deduction. The importance of this fMRI study is that it takes psychological theory and determines what the processes are occurring. This experiment presented by Henson (2005) and others is based around the argument that there is either a single-process model such as that presented by Donaldson (1996, cited by Henson, 2005) or a dual-process. Using Tulving (1985, cited by Henson, 2005) participants are asked to indicate if they have seen a stimulus previously and whether they think this because they remember the encounter (remember) or they just think the stimulus seems familiar (know). It was found that within the remember condition the left hemisphere was more responsive while the in the know condition other regions such as the right prefrontal cortex were more activated. The conclusion is that the imaging data support a dual-processing model over the single-process model. Functional MRI imaging was helpful here as behavioural findings could not agree and the debate was in part helped by imaging data. Both deduction and induction results in the function-structure mapping according to Henson (2005). It is important to follow the logic of Henson that imaging data is useful within itself for providing another dependent variable, such is the case if reaction time is being recorded alongside imaging data, that imaging data would provide additional information such as right/left activation of the motor cortex (Henson, 2005). This might not be relevant in all contexts, still it can provide information which could be necessary to the research if that research included or required such information. This is described as function-structure mapping. Henson (2005) argues that the systematic function-structure is an assumption, for deductive areas of the brain to perform certain functions whereas for induction a strong sense of systematicity is necessary. In this case there may be a function that depends on co-activation with at least one, perhaps more regions. In this case a network is what is being observed activated within a condition. Through subtraction analysis, it allows for this test of a ‘neural network’ and McIntosh (1999, cited in Henson, 2005) the function of the area or region of the brain depends on its interaction with other regions (Henson, 2005, referred to this as hot-wiring). Adding to this there might be an activation of a region or area which does produce suppression of other areas or regions. Nelson (2005) calls for the redundancy of networks, to summarize this within a brain damaged patient, it might be that although the function-structure mapping is incorrect for this person. There might be a d ifferent function-structure mapping present. Henson (2005) counter-argues for this position to say that if through trial to trial or from many experiments, it would not be observed that there are reliable or reproducible activations. Most psychologists are also content with the idea that there is a hierarchy of abstraction of functions. For example, visual perception occurs within a region which is divisible into sub-functions. Where colour, form perception and motion perception can occur (Nelson, 2005). However, there is agreement that there needs to be a one-to-one mapping or function-mapping before one can infer structure to function. Henson (2005) calls this the structure-to-function induction, the usefulness of this approach or paradigm will have to stand up by its success or failure. Henson (2005) further argues the fMRI is a recent invention, the computer mapping even so, with such new areas of technology it has to prove itself to be of benefit. So even if mapping critics have a point it will perhaps be years before the value of imaging technique come to be very useful. Currently they can be useful, though by using existing completing cognitive theories which can be settled using imaging data with caution. For Henson (2005) imaging data simply comprise another dependent variable along with behavioural data that can be used to test competing theories. Imaging can determine the circumstance under which a tactile stimulus produces activity in the visual cortex give clues about the mechanisms of sensory integration that are not provided by behavioural data alone (Henson, 2005). There are criticisms of using imaging data, one produced by Coltheart (2004, cited in Henson, 2005) that understanding the hardware does not mean that we then reach an understanding of the neuro software. Henson (2005) argues that it does provide information on performance and on the distribution of the processes while the software is performing. To finally say that once you have the performance data, through behavioural data, the knowledge of the hardware this then can tell you something about software (Henson, 2005). Henson (2005) argues that neuroimaging data can be informative to the experimental psychologist, although there is perhaps too much excitement around such data. No other technique comes close to this ideal of measuring brain activity, if we assume that ideal is measuring activity simultaneously the activity of many individual neurons, we currently are not there but MRI is the best that we currently have. This is still a developing technology, it may in future years wit h advances it can become something quite special. Functional MRI is a relatively safe method and it can be used to replace the more traditional method in the Neuropsychology of relying on accidental brain legions to discover the link between psychological function and structure. The two methods mentioned above, that of subtractive and correlational designs allows for the more traditional dissociations along with associations of areas or regions of the brain. Although fMRI does not study the neural activity directly it is currently one of the best methods for studying activity at levels of relatively high resolution. Still fMRI is relatively new and the computing software more so, so it is likely that in years to come these technologies will improve. This is not to say that such imaging should be a replacement for more traditional methods, above the example of the Remember/Know experiment imaging extends or made clear the already present psychological models. The mainstay of cognitive psychology is behavioural data and imaging should be used alongside. To what Henson argued that imaging data as another dependent variable. This is to say that it won’t always be appropriate to use imaging data still there is excitement about imaging data and as it improves it will become yet another useful tool in the experimental psychologist toolbox. Word count: 2204 References: Naish, P. (2010) Perceptual Processed in: Kaye (2010) ‘Cognitive psychology’ ed, The Open University, Milton Keynes Kaye, H. (2010) Foundations of cognitive psychology in Kaye (2010) ‘Cognitive Psychology’ ed, The Open University, Milton Keynes. Johnsrude, I. S. and Hauk, O. (2010) Neuroimaging: techniques for examining human brain function, ed in: Kaye (2010) ‘Cognitive psychology: methods companion, The Open University, Milton Keynes. Henson, R. (2005) What can functional neuroimaging tell us the experimental psychologist? The quarterly journal of experimental psychology, Issue 58A, pp. 193-233 Lewis Karl Flood

Leadership And Management Essay -- Business Management

Leadership and Management Leadership and Management are two very important positions to have for anyone in an organization. Both of these positions come with a great deal of responsibilities; however, they both serve two different purposes and responsibilities in an organization, along with a different sent of guidelines. This paper will differentiate between Leadership and Management, give two recommendations to create and maintain a healthy organizational culture and give two examples to support the recommendations. Discussion Leadership is a wonderful quality for anyone to have because not everyone possesses leadership qualities and skills; however, a person can learn to have leadership qualities if he or she has the desire. A good leader has many excellent qualities such as; a leader has followers, knows how to encourage the workers, can get results by implementing strategies, can create a vision for the company, and communicates the vision clearly. These are not the only qualities a leader must have but they are some of the most important qualities a person must have in order to be successful in a leadership position. "Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right things." Druker, Peter F. Retrieved Dec. 14, 2005 from http://www.famous-quotes-and-quotations.com/leadership-quotes.html. Another excellent quote about leadership is "The best executive is the one who has sense enough to pick good men to do what he wants done, and self-restraint to keep from meddling with them while the y do it." Roosevelt, Theodore. Retrieved Dec. 14, 2005 from http://www.famous-quotes-and-quotations.com/leadership-quotes.html. Management is a very important position as well. Management takes a great deal of ski... ...he daycare center was forced by state regulations to close the doors immediately because of many code violations found on numerous occasions. Monitoring is very crucial in all aspects of business because of the state and legal guidelines, which by ignoring these will result in a company failing completely. Conclusion There is a difference between management and leadership but that does not mean that one is less important than the other. However, it takes an excellent leader and manager to be able to fulfill the Leadership and Management role successfully for the benefit of the company and his or her people in all aspects of the business fields. Therefore, every company, big or small, must have people whom they can depend on, whole heartedly, who can fulfill the Leadership and Management positions without worrying about negative outcomes or costly legal issues.